APDS is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person needs a pathalogical variant from only one parent to have it themselves. 1-4
De novo variants have also been observed, and while the prevalence has not been fully assessed, a large cohort suggests that around 20% of APDS patients may have de novo variants. 1-5
However, APDS may be difficult to trace based on clinical history as symptoms can vary even within the same family. 1
According to Nicholas Hartog, MD “Patients may have multiple complications though lack of a unified diagnosis.”
Some individuals may have been initially diagnosed with other primary immunodeficiencies such as Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID) or Hyper IgM Syndromes.
Individuals whose main symptoms are autoimmune cytopenias, lymphandenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia or lymphoma may have been initially diagnosed with hematological disorders such as Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS), Evans syndrome, or simply refractory cytopenias.
Genetic testing is available from various clinical laboratories and the cost of genetic testing may be covered by insurance or other sources. NavigateAPDS offers an additional option for accessing genetic testing.
Pharming Healthcare, Inc. provides financial support for the no-charge genetic testing program, provides information about the program to healthcare professionals and others and distributes requisition forms for the test and test kits to healthcare professionals. Tests and services, however, are performed by PreventionGenetics. Healthcare professionals must confirm that patients meet certain criteria to use the program. Pharming Healthcare, Inc., and other third parties, including commercial organizations, may receive information about patients, the healthcare professionals ordering tests and the test results, but at no time is any patient identifiable information provided to Pharming Healthcare, Inc. Also, for tests involving patients covered under governmental health insurance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, no information regarding the healthcare professional ordering the test is provided to Pharming Healthcare, Inc. Genetic testing and counseling are available in the US and Canada only. Healthcare professionals and patients who participate in the sponsored genetic testing program have no obligation to recommend, purchase, order, prescribe, promote, administer, use, or support any other products or services from PreventionGenetics or from third parties or commercial organizations. Patients who participate in the sponsored genetic testing program are free to use the information received through the program to inform their and their physician’s healthcare decision-making in any way they deem appropriate.
As there is a 50% chance of APDS being passed from parent to child, family members of patients with APDS should also be genetically tested.
PI is also referred to as an Inborn Error of Immunity (IEI).
1. Lucas CL, Kuehn HS, Zhao F, et al. Dominant-activating germline mutations in the gene encoding the PI(3)K catalytic subunit p110δ result in T cell senescence and human immunodeficiency. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(1):88-97. doi:10.1038/ni.2771 2. AAngulo I, Vadas O, Garçon F, et al. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ gene mutation predisposes to respiratory infection and airway damage. Science. 2013;342(6160):866-871. doi:10.1126/science.1243292 3. Lucas CL, Zhang Y, Venida A, et al. Heterozygous splice mutation in PIK3R1 causes human immunodeficiency with lymphoproliferation due to dominant activation of PI3K. J Exp Med. 2014;211(13):2537-2547. doi:10.1084/jem.20141759 4. Deau MC, Heurtier L, Frange P, et al. A human immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the PIK3R1 gene [published correction appears in J Clin Invest. 2015 Apr;125(4):1764-5]. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(9):3923-3928. doi:10.1172/JCI75746 5. Elkaim E, Neven B, Bruneau J, et al. Clinical and immunologic phenotype associated with activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome 2: A cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):210-218.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.022 6. Coulter TI, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):597-606.e4. 7. Walter JE, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(6):1089-1100. 8. Kubala SA, et al. Poster presented at: CIS 2021 Annual Meeting; April 14-17, 2021 9. Jamee M, et al. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;59(3):323-333. 10. Maccari ME, et al. Front Immunol. 2018;9:543. 11. Elkaim E, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):210-218. 12. Carpier JM, Lucas CL.Front Immunol. 2018;8:200 13. Castagnoli R, et al. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14(2):100513 14. Angulo I, et al. Science. 2013;342(6160):866-871 15. Lucas CL, et al. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(1):88-97. 16. Condliffe AM, Chandra A. Front Immunol. 2018;9:338.
